1. In 1243, following his return from the campaign in 1243, Batu assumed the position of ruler of the land of Ono, granting

1. In 1243, following his return from the campaign in 1243, Batu assumed the position of ruler of the land of Ono, granting it full autonomy. In Rus’, this state was referred to as…

2. The capital of the Golden Horde became the city of Sarai, founded by Batu in the year. The Golden Horde was led by Batu’s successors. In particularly significant cases, gatherings of the Horde’s nobility were convened.

3. The Mongols, for a long time, exhibited great tolerance towards various religions, believing that, just as God had granted different fingers to a hand, He had also given diverse religions to people. However, in the early 14th century, Islam was declared the state religion of the Golden Horde, and all the peoples within its realm…

4. In the year 1242, envoys were dispatched to the northeastern principalities, demanding that Russian princes come to Batu with their attendants. In 1243, Yaroslav was compelled to journey to Sarai. Batu appointed him as one of the princes. Following Yaroslav, other princes followed suit. They were required to…

5. Although the Golden Horde khans preserved the administrative systems that had developed in Rus’, they took measures to ensure the population remained obedient to the Mongol khans by sending…

6. In the years 1257-1259, the payments made to the Horde, known as…, were enforced by numerous Mongol officials on the Rus’ population. Following this, the collection of tribute took on…

7. In the year 1262, popular uprisings began, triggered by abuses in the… Many tax collectors and gatherers were killed. Despite the fact that the Mongols managed to suppress the movement and harshly punish the rebels, they were compelled to make certain concessions. The right to collect tribute was…