1. Determine the forms of governance inferred from inscriptions; most Babylonian kings (Nebuchadnezzar, Nabonidus

1. Determine the forms of governance inferred from inscriptions; most Babylonian kings (Nebuchadnezzar, Nabonidus) displayed an interest in archaeology. However, the king had many responsibilities in the country. He had to supervise high officials, overseeing how they carried out their duties, reviewing plans for the construction of large structures in agriculture and royal estates, and receiving envoys and individuals paying tribute. The king had an extensive court staff on whom he could, at his discretion, assign various duties. Court affairs were overseen by the highest dignitaries. In addition to the highest officials, there were numerous middle and lower ranks. (Klengel-Brandt E., Journey to Ancient Babylon).

2. In the 1850s and 1860s, entrepreneurs solidified their positions in the country’s political life. The influence of the royal authority was reduced to a minimum. Queen Victoria and her attempted to exert pressure on ministers in the interests of the Tory aristocracy, interfering in foreign affairs. There was a fierce struggle for power between the two influential political forces — the Whigs and Tories. These names gradually gave way to the designations «Conservatives» and «Liberals.» Parliament played a significant role in the country’s life, where various parties sought to obtain a greater number of seats in elections. (Narochitsky A.L., New).

3. Novgorod land occupied a vast territory from the Arctic Ocean to the headwaters of the Volga, from the White Sea to the Ural Mountains. Many centuries ago, its supreme body was the Veche, where important questions of internal and external policy were discussed. The actual rulers were the 300 «Golden Belts,» the largest boyars of Novgorod. The Veche elected the head of the church, the bishop, who managed the treasury and controlled the external contacts of Great Novgorod, trade measures, and so on. An important official in Novgorod was the Posadnik (from the word «to settle»). Boyars were elected as Posadniks. The Veche invited a prince who led the army during military campaigns. His retinue maintained order in the city. The Veche told the prince, «Without a Posadnik, you, prince, cannot judge, cannot govern districts, cannot issue charters.»