Establish a correlation between the series of chemical elements and their characteristic patterns. Series of

The given series of chemical elements consists of several groups of elements, and we need to establish a correlation between these elements and their characteristic patterns.

1. Reduction in the number of valence electrons: As we move from left to right in the series, the number of valence electrons decreases. Valence electrons are the electrons present in the outermost energy level of an atom. In Al, there are 3 valence electrons, while in Ga, there are 2, and in In, there is only 1. This reduction in the number of valence electrons is consistent with the movement across the periodic table.

2. Increase in oxidizing properties, decrease in atomic radius: Oxidizing properties refer to the tendency of an atom to gain electrons and undergo oxidation. As we move from left to right in the series, the elements exhibit an increase in oxidizing properties. Simultaneously, the atomic radius, which is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost energy level, decreases. This is because as we move across the periodic table, the effective nuclear charge increases, pulling the electrons closer to the nucleus.

3. Decrease in metallic properties, decrease in the number of energy levels: Metallic properties refer to the ability of an element to conduct electricity and heat. As we move from left to right in the series, the metallic properties of the elements decrease. Additionally, the number of energy levels decreases. This is due to the increase in effective nuclear charge, which attracts the valence electrons more strongly and results in a decrease in the size of the atom.

4. Decrease in oxidizing properties, increase in atomic radius: In this case, we observe the opposite trend compared to point 2. As we move from left to right, there is a decrease in the oxidizing properties and an increase in the atomic radius. This is because the effective nuclear charge decreases, causing the valence electrons to be further away from the nucleus.

5. Increase in reducing properties, increase in the number of energy levels: Reducing properties refer to the ability of an atom to lose electrons and undergo reduction. As we move from left to right, the elements exhibit an increase in reducing properties. Simultaneously, the number of energy levels increases. This is because the effective nuclear charge decreases, allowing the valence electrons to be further from the nucleus.

Пример: Постройте соотношение между серией химических элементов и их характерными закономерностями. Серия химических элементов: Al → Ga → In; Sb → Ca → Na; Cl → P → Si; C → O → F; Ba → Ca → Mg. Закономерности: 1. Уменьшение количества валентных электронов 2. Увеличение окислительных свойств, уменьшение атомного радиуса. 3. Уменьшение металлических свойств, уменьшение количества энергетических уровней 4. Уменьшение окислительных свойств, увеличение атомного радиуса. 5. Увеличение восстановительных свойств, увеличение количества энергетических уровней.

Совет: To understand the correlation between the series of chemical elements and their characteristic patterns, it is essential to have a good understanding of the periodic table. Pay attention to the trends that occur as you move across a row or a column in the periodic table. Understand the concept of valence electrons, atomic radius, metallic properties, oxidizing properties, and reducing properties.

Упражнение: What is the next element in the series? K → Ca → Sc → ?